Is gambling legal in Ethiopia?

You can also enter an Easybet promo code during your first deposit to maximise your betting potential. Easybet has quickly become one of the most popular online sports betting platforms in Ethiopia thanks to its broad range of markets, secure payment options, and responsive customer support. The online casino section features an impressive variety of slots, table games, and a live casino with real dealers. Treating online betting as entertainment with a defined budget — rather than as a reliable income source — is the approach that allows people to engage with it sustainably over time. Cutting through the noise requires focusing on a small number of genuinely consequential criteria rather than being distracted by headline bonus figures or marketing claims. Withdrawal speeds vary by platform and payment method, with some of the fastest payouts available through dedicated crypto transactions.

There is ample opportunity for mobile gaming, growth of mobile payment systems, the release of new products (i.e., e-sports), and skill-based games. Ethiopia is an attractive market for new entrants with its youthful population and developing digital infrastructure. With an increased focus on responsible gambling, players now have a greater sense of community and social interaction with sports and gaming events than ever before. Online casino gaming is becoming a larger segment-growing opportunity; however, Social and casual game types continue to draw more female and younger player demographics who want to engage in fun and interactive experiences. Such partnerships include mobile payment companies, like telecom companies in Ethiopia, to simplify payments and transactions for the unbanked population. Many companies from overseas form partnerships with local entities to deal with compliance, raise awareness, and acquire players.

Only traditional forms of gambling such as sports betting and lottery are currently allowed under the law. Additionally, physical casinos have been established in the capital, Addis Ababa. Despite still being in its early stages with relatively low penetration rates, the country is experiencing consistent growth in mobile connectivity, internet adoption, and social media usage. Islam also has deep roots in the country, with around 34% of the population identifying as Muslim, primarily located in the eastern and southern regions.

The platform has been designed with Ethiopian players in mind, ensuring smooth navigation, fast loading times, and support for local payment preferences. Dash Bet has rapidly emerged as one of the most exciting destinations for online casino enthusiasts in Ethiopia, offering a comprehensive gaming platform that combines entertainment, security, and convenience. By focusing on these aspects, you can find a secure and enjoyable gaming experience in the best Ethiopia online casino. Ethiopian online casinos offer a variety of bonuses, each designed to cater to different types of players. In the competitive landscape of Ethiopia’s online casinos, promotions and bonuses play a crucial role in attracting and retaining players. Look for platforms that offer an intuitive layout, easy navigation, and fast loading times.

• Bet24.et are a decent site, with a basic but standard offering.
• Gambling should remain a form of entertainment, not a way to make money.
• The platform understands the importance of responsible gambling casino practices and structures its bonuses with clear terms and transparent wagering requirements.
• For example, 56 out of every 100 people have a mobile phone, and 46% of adults over 25 have an account with a financial institution or mobile money provider—providing a strong foundation for gambling-related payments.
• Whether you’re new to online casinos in Ethiopia or already experienced, Chatki gives you a safe and exciting way to enjoy gaming.
• Compare Ethiopia online casinos for real money play, fast withdrawals and secure ETB cashouts.
• We provide limited data here, you can get full granularity and analytics in Blask app
• The agency claimed the funds moved abroad through cryptocurrency exchanges and hawala-style transfer networks.
• A ban does not make the urge to bet disappear, and people betting through offshore sites during the shutdown are more exposed than ever.
• The announcement marks one of the most sweeping regulatory crackdowns on the betting industry in Ethiopia to date, reflecting the government’s growing focus on financial regulation, consumer protection, and national security concerns.
• The registration form requires basic information including your full name, email address, phone number, date of birth, and preferred currency for your account.
• For anyone curious about this space — whether considering participating for the first time or looking to make more informed choices about where and how to play — understanding the landscape clearly is the most useful starting point.
• Choosing platforms that hold verifiable offshore licenses, use SSL encryption for data security, and have established track records with Ethiopian players is the most reliable way to navigate this landscape safely.

Choosing the top betting sites will ensure that players can participate in betting safely and securely, and receive the best services. Mastercard and Visa, the world's two most popular credit and debit cards, ensure that transactions are widely accepted and highly secure. Cloudbet stands out in Ethiopia for its support of cryptocurrency payments such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and USDT, enabling fast and highly secure transactions.

With 10 approved betting companies offering sportsbooks, all at the lottery administrator’s discretion, the online business is far behind the retail sector. The nation’s first-ever sports betting website, Dagoo Sports, was established in 2012 but closed down shortly after. When they are ready to withdraw, they can play with their e-wallet funds until they are given a code to take to a nearby retailer.

Ethiopia has framed the crackdown as necessary to protect public revenue and restore trust, pointing to a tougher enforcement posture in a sector that expanded faster than oversight capacity. Ethiopia stated that the freeze will remain in place until it completes its criminal investigations, with regulators indicating that the removal of operators that fail to meet reporting and compliance obligations is intended to strengthen the legal betting market. As Ethiopia continues to modernise, casinos are set to remain a meaningful part of its entertainment landscape. Continued urban growth, improved tourism infrastructure, and rising consumer interest in modern entertainment formats suggest that casinos will remain part of the country’s evolving leisure landscape. Even though the number of casinos across the country remains limited, their influence on entertainment culture continues to grow.

• First, however, let’s get to see just how safe and secure you are when you choose to settle at Chatki.
• This can hamper compliance monitoring and complicate taxation accuracy, especially where informal operators persist.
• Roulette fans can choose between European, French, and American wheels, with the European and French versions offering better odds due to the single zero configuration.
• The crackdown involved freezing the bank accounts of all 38 companies and detaining their owners, illustrating the government’s commitment to eradicating corrupt practices within the industry.
• The country’s population of over 134 million, nearly half of whom are under 20, represents one of Africa’s largest potential betting markets.
• That helps you to evaluate current developments like player injuries, momentum shifts, weather conditions, and tactical changes.
• Investigators said they had uncovered a web of tax evasion, illegal financial transfers, and unlicensed operations — with funds allegedly funnelled through cryptocurrency and hawala services, and links claimed to terrorism financing and contraband networks.
• Companies like MelBet and other global brands are growing their presence in this region through targeted advertising and partnerships, and slowly gaining momentum against established local brands.
• Islam also has deep roots in the country, with around 34% of the population identifying as Muslim, primarily located in the eastern and southern regions.
• The Ethiopia Online Gambling and Betting Market is poised for significant growth in the coming years, driven by increasing internet penetration, a growing young population with disposable income, and a rising interest in online entertainment.
• For starters, crypto casinos often offer faster transaction times, lower fees, and greater privacy.
• The site is designed to load quickly, with games optimised for smaller screens.
• The shutdown has not stopped offshore operators from targeting Ethiopian players, and that is exactly the problem.
• Easybet has quickly become one of the most popular online sports betting platforms in Ethiopia thanks to its broad range of markets, secure payment options, and responsive customer support.
• All betting and gambling activities in the country fall under the Ethiopian National Lottery Administration, the body tasked with ensuring fair practices and user protection.

Ethiopia Online Casinos: Trends, Bonuses & Safe Play Tips

Well, it’s because we found many positive attributes to talk about when we thoroughly assessed this betting platform. Among the many options they can choose to settle at is the highly impressive Ahadu Birr. YaBetting (also known as Gursha Bet) has made a name for itself in the Ethiopian online gambling scene by offering a blend of sports betting and casino gaming options. At the moment QwickBet only offers sports betting and jackpots, but there is a high likelihood that more betting products will be added in the near future.

These providers ensure high-quality graphics and seamless gameplay, essential for enhancing player engagement and satisfaction. Top online casinos in Ethiopia boast a wide array of games, catering to the diverse tastes of both local and international players. Laws are designed not only to foster a safe and ethical gaming environment but also to boost investor confidence in this burgeoning market sector. Major cities like Addis Ababa are witnessing a surge in online gambling activities, indicating a shift in entertainment preferences amongst residents. Whether you’re a seasoned gambler or new to the scene, the growth of this industry within such a culturally rich context is something to watch.

Ethiopia Online Gambling and Betting Market Future Outlook

However, online casinos are more easily monitored and, therefore, harder to regulate, so they are subjected to stiffer scrutiny. Sports betting is permitted by Ethiopia’s gambling laws, but other forms of gambling, such as online casinos, are restricted by its laws. Also, mobile money platforms like Telebirr have simplified payments for sports betting, and online casinos use international payment systems, which do not reach rural communities. With small amounts, you can start placing bets as low as 5 ETB, and you can play online casino games that require higher stakes and continuous play.

Online Casino Games at Easybet

First, you need to create an account with a reputable site for online sports betting in Ethiopia. Play at fully licensed and rigorously audited online casinos trusted by Ethiopian players. As you can see, all these platforms offer impressive gaming libraries on top of comprehensive sports coverage. With the growing popularity of online betting in Ethiopia, we have some great news. Meanwhile, online betting is a more precise term, where there’s a specific outcome that you’re putting your money on. This not only ensures their operation is lawful but also builds trust with their users.

Court challenges and an uncertain future

Ethiopia’s burgeoning iGaming sector is a product of growing interest from African governments and an increasingly youthful population with increased access to mobile internet services (for example, through the introduction of online casinos). These are the brands that shaped Ethiopian betting before the shutdown, ranked by our editors. Consumer protection efforts also extend to advertising, where guidelines are set to prevent targeting vulnerable populations and to avoid misleading claims about winnings potential. These rules and regulations are put in place to govern the gambling activities and ensure that whoever is involved in it is within the right side of the law. It also incorporates advanced security features to ensure secure user data on all transactions.

The NLA sets regulations, issues licenses, supervises activities, and revokes permits if licensing conditions are breached. Gambling in Ethiopia is overseen by the National Lottery Administration, which operates under the oversight of the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. While there might be challenges when navigating Ethiopia’s betting market, there’s great potential for operators willing to do the work. Enter Ethiopia — not the world’s richest market, but with a population of nearly 130 million, far from its smallest.

Ethiopia's Population and Per Capita Income

In the short term, the decision freezes a sector that employed thousands and handled millions of birr in annual betting turnover. The move comes on the heels of earlier enforcement action. All forms of sports betting are affected — retail shops, online platforms and agent-based networks — and companies have been ordered to halt operations immediately, preserve customer and financial data, and cease offering any betting services. The decision follows directives from the federal government and was communicated in an official notice issued on Monday.

Criminal Enforcement and Consumer Protection Are Not Mutually Exclusive

• They are one of the most popular and have a very wide offering.
• The market potential is significant, with a youthful population that is increasingly tech-savvy and interested in sports.
• The Service stressed that it will closely monitor compliance with the decision in coordination with relevant government bodies, exercising its mandate as a regulatory and enforcement authority.
• There was never a licence class for casinos, online casino games or poker.
• If you’re accessing the platform from a trusted device, you can select the “Remember Me” option to streamline future logins.
• Another popular brand that is dominating retail operations in the region is Powerbet.et The company boasts over 203 shops to date.
• This commitment to safe, fast, and transparent banking is one of the reasons Chatki stands out as the best online casino in Ethiopia.
• Accessing your Dash Bet Ethiopia account is a straightforward process designed to get you into the action quickly and securely.
• Easybet has firmly established itself as one of Ethiopia’s foremost online betting platforms, offering an impressive range of sports betting markets, live match streaming, and a full virtual casino.
• This decision has effectively forced local players to move to online betting.
• It operates predominantly as a sports book and thanks to this, it has mastered the art of offering highly competitive odds on all sports services offered.
• Major statutes, enforcement milestones, and pending reforms shaping the Ethiopia gambling market.
• International bookmakers provide not only diverse sports betting services but also ensure the safety and security of players.
• The Ethiopian government has reiterated that no sports betting operators currently hold valid licenses to operate within the country.

A brand can still appear in search results even if its operating status has changed. It is a current-status and safety list. Use this page to check brand status, official-source signals, app safety, and payment caution before you trust any login page, APK download, or bonus claim. That means old lists of “best” betting sites can be misleading if they do not explain whether a brand is actually active, closed, or only visible in old search results. This page is now a current-status guide for Ethiopia betting sites. Although, Bet 251 offers a massive 5,000,000 ETB/147,059 USD payout, and focuses only on football, they still have yet to take a strong foothold in the Ethiopian sports bets market.

Challenges

• With robust security measures, comprehensive game selections, and dedicated customer support available around the clock, the platform provides everything Ethiopian players need for a premium online casino experience.
• Lomibet is a sportsbook-first betting platform that predominantly offers prematch betting, live betting, virtual casino play, special games, jackpots, poker and fast-access mobile play.
• One game that stands out in this landscape is Tongits, a fast-paced and tactical Filipino favorite.
• Read them carefully to understand the rules and restrictions.
• Betting sites in Lesotho are a special, dynamic space for online casinos and sports be­tting.
• Choosing the top betting sites will ensure that players can participate in betting safely and securely, and receive the best services.
• Such changes are likely to be critical as Ethiopia looks to balance innovation with regulatory oversight.
• The Ethiopian government has strict regulations regarding gambling activities, which limits the growth potential of the online gambling sector.
• The site itself is beautifully and wittingly structured hence making navigation on the site pretty smooth and easy.
• The clarification, posted on ELS’s official Telegram channel last week, comes as bad actors exploit confusion around the shutdown to target Ethiopian consumers.

Expanding mobile internet penetration, the rapid adoption of mobile payment platforms, and a growing young population comfortable with digital transactions have collectively created the conditions for a significant shift in how Ethiopians engage with entertainment online. Overall, Ethiopia offers significant opportunities for investors and operators seeking growth in an increasingly formalized African gaming landscape. Addressing these issues through localized content, automated compliance solutions, and player education about responsible gaming could yield sustainable growth. Mobile money services dominate the payment landscape due to limited banking penetration and the widespread use of mobile phones. As the government enhances industry oversight and transparency, it is likely to amend current laws to reinforce operator responsibility and maintain the integrity of the legal gambling sector. Sports betting, with its immersive and exhilarating environment, remains a favorite, while lotteries attract a broad socioeconomic audience.

• Bet24 is a charming and cozy bed and breakfast located in the heart of a bustling city.
• However, sports gambling also has potential downsides that need careful management.
• Players appreciate a reliable platform that processes deposits and payouts quickly while keeping your Easybet login details safe and secure.
• Universal, population-wide public health approaches are required to prevent gambling harm.
• Such actions are detrimental to the core principles of sportsmanship and have the potential to undermine the trust and confidence shared among fans and players alike.
• Ethiopia’s fast-expanding betting industry is entering a new era of regulation and taxation, one that experts warn could reshape the market’s dynamics and drive some activities underground.
• Consumers should look forward to safe and secure payment procedures as well as superlative customer assistance.
• Ethiopian players can enjoy a variety of bonuses and promotions at online casinos.
• Whether you’re an experienced sports bettor or just beginning your journey into the exciting world of sports wagering, Dash Bet Ethiopia open now provides the perfect platform to engage with your favorite sports while potentially earning returns on your sporting knowledge.
• Operators remain responsible for unsettled bets and customer balances despite the suspension of their licences.
• To capitalize on the Ethiopian iGaming market’s potential, operators must adapt to evolving tax laws and leverage the mobile gaming market to reach a broader player base.
• M88 offers over 10,000 sporting events each month, with a particular focus on European football, including the Premier League, La Liga, Serie A, and the Champions League.
• On 4 December 2025, it suspended the licences of 22 sports betting firms, citing “information received from the National Intelligence and Security Service” and the arrests as the basis for the decision.
• Easybet offers a variety of ways for players in Ethiopia to fund their accounts and collect winnings.

Gambling Legal Framework in Ethiopia

In this article, we will delve into the current state of affairs regarding online betting apps in Ethiopia, focusing on Habesha bet ethiopia. Another poorly designed betting site, with a poor offering for the market.Ethiobettings review They are currently under construction so hopefully we’ll be able to provide a comprehensive review shortly. First, however, let’s get to see just how safe and secure you are when you choose to settle at Chatki. With a massive population of football fans, it looks set to be a very exciting market. The Lottery Service also confirmed in its statement that the suspensions will remain in place until the criminal investigation concludes and the full details have been revealed.

Why Easybet Is the Leading Betting Platform in Ethiopia

However, there is a growing interest in online betting among the Ethiopian population, particularly in sports betting. To facilitate strategic entry into this space, operators must ensure that their business models align with the changing tax law landscape and take advantage of the mobile gaming market to reach a larger player community. Areas where localized content can be developed, automated compliance solutions created, and player education provided about responsible gaming may yield long-term advantages and a means to achieve sustainable growth. This is due mostly to the limited Bank Penetration and the increasing number of people using a Mobile Phone. The government is conducting reviews and/or suspensions on over 80 existing licenses to ensure all operators comply with these new regulations.

Registration, login and account security at Afro Bet Ethiopia

That’s why I’ve created this comprehensive guide covering everything from the legal framework to payment methods and game options. I’ve spent years analyzing the Ethiopian gambling market and can tell you that finding good information isn’t always easy. Blask’s zoran bet “All Brands” dashboard helps betPawa brand achieve record APS BAP (Brand's Accumulated Power) shows each brand’s share of total consumer interest — a quick way to compare visibility across the market.

In this study we surveyed the personal, social, and environmental risk factors of problematic gambling in Ethiopia with a specific focus on adolescents as these are most vulnerable to getting involved in gambling due to the high unemployment rates. Problematic gambling is governed by a complex set of interrelated factors, causes and determinants ranging from biology and family history to social norms and existing statutes (Messerlia et al. 2005) encompassing ecological, psycho-physiological, developmental, cognitive, and behavioral components (Derevensky et al. 2004). Other key features that set 1xBet apart include competitive odds, regular bonuses and promotions, and robust data protection measures.

We’re diving into the world of Ethiopia online casinos, exploring what makes them tick and why they’re gaining such traction. Abyssinia Law is a legal resource portal providing open access to primary and secondary legal materials for Ethiopia, such as laws, court decisions, articles, contact guidance, and Lawyers Directory – with texts supplemented by online videos, a discussion forum, and a user blog. Nevertheless, the existing sport betting companies are doing their business. Most sport betting companies in Ethiopia are established as a joint company.

Dash Betting alone accounts for Br8.64 billion of the outstanding balance, while around ten other firms collectively owe nearly Br19 billion. Africa’s gaming market, valued at $2.16bn in 2024, is projected to reach $10.81bn by 2033, and Ethiopia is expected to play a central role in that growth. The country’s market is one of the most dynamic in Africa, supported by more than 134 million people, nearly half under 20, and a rapidly expanding base of mobile users.

Another popular brand that is dominating retail operations in the region is Powerbet.et The company boasts over 203 shops to date. As the sector continues to evolve, opportunities in regulation, administration, and responsible gaming oversight will likely expand, strengthening the foundation of Ethiopia’s entertainment economy. The industry’s emphasis on compliance also drives the need for qualified management and operational staff. The growth of casino venues has also encouraged investment in hospitality upgrades, improved amenities, and new entertainment concepts aligned with global expectations. Casinos complement this sector by offering additional recreational choices for international visitors who are familiar with gaming environments in other destinations.

Via this site, Ethiopian bettors can access both sports betting and casino games, as well as virtual games and lottery/lotto-style offerings. Megabirr is an online gambling betting platform that offers it’s services exclusively to the Ethiopian market. Lomibet is a sportsbook-first betting platform that predominantly offers prematch betting, live betting, virtual casino play, special games, jackpots, poker and fast-access mobile play. The platform presents itself as a sportsbook-first brand, but it also goes beyond standard pre-match betting and offers live betting, virtual games, poker, special games and promotions.

The top review sites now include dedicated sections for crypto-friendly platforms, offering comparisons and step-by-step guides for beginners. More players are using Bitcoin, Ethereum, or stablecoins like USDT to make secure, anonymous transactions. Thanks to mobile optimization and instant-play formats, it’s now easier than ever to enjoy world-class slot machines, table games, and live dealer rooms from any device. Beyond sports betting, many Ethiopian users are also exploring online casino games. Alongside sports, Ethiopian players can explore virtual sports, number games, and casino-style betting features like roulette or blackjack with live dealers.

We provide limited data here, you can get full granularity and analytics in Blask app Regarding taxation in the gaming sector, Dejene stated that the NLA only implements taxation policies set by the Ministry of Revenue. The authority will then issue a license to operators who fulfill these requirements. This has led to the suspension of several illegal gambling activities in major cities across the country. Dejene also expressed concerns about responsible gambling in Ethiopia, particularly given the country’s large youth population. “Having the license for sports betting is restricted to local people only.”

Get instant access to country‑level dashboards, top brands, market structures, and real‑time stats tailored to each region Blask tracks iGaming brands in each country to rank them by 5+ key performance metrics. Blask Index shows the level of engagement and interest across all brands in Ethiopia. Dejene however stated that the NLA is currently reconsidering its taxation policy, taking into account the experiences of other countries in the region. Until Ethiopia does that, the country’s 130 million people, the majority of them young and increasingly mobile-connected, will remain in a regulatory black hole. But criminal enforcement and market regulation are not mutually exclusive.

However, the latest decision imposes a complete ban, leaving no exceptions. Whether this represents a decline or a rebirth will depend on how the government balances enforcement with opportunity in the months ahead. The online lottery market in Ethiopia is poised for innovation, leveraging the country’s growing digital economy. On the other hand, it may steer the market toward state monopolies, potentially limiting consumer choice and expanding government control over gambling. While private betting firms face indefinite shutdowns, the state-run lottery is not only continuing but evolving.

Enforcement cases in Ethiopia: 4 recent

Even though it has been legal in Ethiopia since 2012, sports betting is still a relatively new phenomenon, and there remains a significant market gap. Regulation initially focused on maintaining oversight and ensuring that gaming activity operated within legally approved frameworks. The February 2026 parliamentary remarks and the ELS chief's comments about divided oversight suggest a future framework is possible, but any change would require new legislation and a rebuilt licensing regime; monitor ELS notices and the draft sports proclamation for developments. The 22 companies suspended on 4 December 2025, including regional brand Betika, lost their permits along with all other former licensees on 15 December 2025; a court decision in favor of one operator was stayed on appeal. No reliable public estimate; before the ban, more than 20 licensed sportsbooks served a population of about 130 million, and iGB described a potential base of roughly 30 million consumers. There have been discussions about introducing a new regulatory framework to permit and license online gambling activities in Ethiopia while ensuring proper oversight and player protection.

The challenge for online casinos is to promote their plat, from where such regulations and market presence are limited as compared to offline casinos. Sports betting is mostly popular with younger men aged 18–35, who bet because it’s cheap and sports betting is tied to games people watch. While online casinos have much more stable internet connections and higher data usage, they are limited to being played within urban centers. The main options are sports betting and online casinos, which are used by people from different age groups. Analysts caution that these unregulated settings could lead to greater risks for players, from financial loss to potential exploitation. This shift could undermine governmental efforts to bolster oversight and secure tax revenues.

How to Get Started

We test live chat and email response times and check whether agents can actually handle Ethiopia-specific questions, such as Telebirr payment issues, ETB account problems, and local KYC or withdrawal delays. Ethiopia’s betting landscape changed significantly after the country revoked all domestic sports-betting licences effective 15 December 2025, so this page is designed to help you cut through the noise and compare the options still accessible to users in Ethiopia. Gambling firms are required to secure licenses, meet tax obligations, and comply with stringent rules to prevent underage gambling and addiction. These encompass the growing fascination with international football leagues, the enhanced access to the internet, and the allure of potential monetary rewards. Addis Insight is Ethiopia’s fastest growing digital news platform, providing consumers with the latest news from Ethiopia and its diaspora. Despite the efforts to crack down on sports betting by shutting down physical betting shops, the industry remains vibrant, particularly in the digital sphere.

Top Online Casinos for Ethiopian Players

WinWin Bet is an online bookmaker and casino platform that combines sportsbook betting, live betting, casino games, live dealer tables and a wide set of extra gaming verticals under one roof. Mezzo Bet operates as a digital betting brand serving Ethiopia-facing users through an interface that blends sports betting, live betting, live games and virtual sports. The site positions itself as a mobile-first web arcade experience built around quick games, competition, rewards and account-based play. Below you will find a comprehensive list of all the betting sites in Ethiopia, plus links to their individual review pages. Initially it was only the local companies doing so, but a few betting companies operating in other African countries have recently begun to enter and set up shop in the Ethiopian market.

For now, regulators have not outlined any plans for a future licensing framework or the possible reopening of the sports betting market. Analysts have also warned that the sudden and comprehensive nature of the crackdown could weaken investor confidence, particularly as Ethiopia has sought to encourage private investment and liberalise parts of its economy. Samuel Taye, a legal analyst, questioned whether collective sanctions align with established legal principles. Authorities said they would monitor compliance in coordination with other government bodies and pursue legal action against any institution that fails to comply. The regulator warned that destroying, concealing, or altering records would be treated as a criminal offence under Ethiopian law. In addition to halting activity, licence holders have been placed under strict data preservation requirements.